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Conceptual diagram of semiconductor laser diode
A laser diode is electrically a. The active region of the laser diode is in the intrinsic (I) region, and the carriers (electrons and holes) are pumped into that region from the N and P regions respectively. While initial diode laser research was conducted on simple P–N diodes, all modern lasers use the double-hetero-structure implementation, where the carriers and the photons are confined in order to maximiz.
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Semiconductor arrayed waveguide grating
Arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) are commonly used as optical (de)multiplexers in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems. In this paper, we compare the effect of output waveguide configurations on the performance of AWGs. It is usually built as part of a planar lightwave circuit (photonic integrated circuit), where the light coming from an input fiber first enters a multimode.